W1151 Conditional and Flow Chart
Prerequisites[edit]
Introduction[edit]
Until now, the programs which we have observed and written exhibited sequential flow. That is, they had a single entry point and a single exit point. Instruction execution began at the entry point, instructions were executed sequentially, and then the program execution completed. While this type of flow is useful in some simple cases in the general case the flow will be more complex.
This experience will first review sequential flow and then discuss a branching construct that will enable us to build more complex programs. Subsequent experiences will discuss constructs useful for repeating segments of code.
Sequential Execution[edit]
In the example above, the program execution begins at address 0x8020 and completes at address 0x8026. All instructions are executed sequentially.
Let's examine a Hello, World! program in assembly language:
.global _start
.text
_start:
# write(1, messageA, 6)
mov $1, %rax # system call 1 is write
mov $1, %rdi # file handle 1 is stdout
mov $messageA, %rsi # address of string to output
mov $6, %rdx # number of bytes
syscall # invoke operating system to do the write
# write(1, messageB, 6)
mov $1, %rax # system call 1 is write
mov $1, %rdi # file handle 1 is stdout
mov $messageB, %rsi # address of string to output
mov $6, %rdx # number of bytes
syscall # invoke operating system to do the write
# exit(0)
mov $60, %rax # system call 60 is exit
xor %rdi, %rdi # we want return code 0
syscall # invoke operating system to exit
messageA:
.ascii "Hello "
messageB:
.ascii "World!"
Flowcharts[edit]
A flowchart is a type of diagram that enables us to visualize the flow of execution through a program. As such, flowcharts representing an entire program generally have a single entry point, a single exit point, and one or more processes. (In this case the word process is not the same as an operating system process, but represents the general usage of the word, i.e. "do something".) Throughout this experience, we'll introduce several symbols that are typically used in flowcharts.
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
 |
Indicates the direction of flow through the diagram, particularly when the flow is not in the traditional top-to-bottom order. |
 |
Indicates the beginning or end of a program or function. |
 |
Indicates an ordered series of logically grouped operations. |
With these symbols in mind, let's take a look at a flowchart for the Hello, World program above:
Conditional Execution[edit]
Conditional execution is required when we need to make a choice regarding one or more alternatives. Observe the image at the top of this page which shows the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, forming the Ohio River. Now consider the Coder Merlin Riverboat Cruise Line schedule that runs between Arthur's Cafe (about two hours downriver from the Point) to Lancelot's Inn (about an hour upriver along the Allegheny):
| Departure Time | Price | Meal Included | Cruise Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| 09:00 | $49.99 | ✕ | 3 hours |
| 11:00 | $49.99 | ✕ | 3 hours |
| 13:00 | $69.99 | ✓ | 4 hours |
| 15:00 | $49.99 | ✕ | 3 hours |
| 17:00 | $69.99 | ✓ | 4 hours |
| 19:00 | $79.99 | ✓ | 4 hours |
If a particular cruise, in accordance with the schedule, offers a meal, the captain of the boat will stop at the Point (a park located where the three rivers meet) for an hour during which time the meal is served.
Flowchart[edit]
A general flowchart representing a conditional is:
A flowchart representing the specific requirements from above is:
Note the new symbol in the flowchart:
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
 |
Indicates that a branch in the flow occurs, most often based on a Boolean condition. Thus, there are most often two branches, usually labeled "Yes" and "No". |
Such a branch is formally termed a conditional.
Conditionals consist of three distinct parts:
- A Boolean test. The Boolean expression is evaluated yielding either a true or false result.
- If the result of the Boolean test is true, execution proceeds with the consequent.
- If the result of the Boolean test is false, execution proceeds with the alternative.
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Observe, Ponder, and Journal Section 1 |
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Assembly Language[edit]
Let's consider how the above construct is implemented in assembly language:
The condition, the Boolean test is evaluated. If the test evaluates to false, a jump is executed to the alternative, otherwise execution continues with the consequent. At the end of the consequent, a jump is executed to skip the alternative.
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Going Deeper | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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A jump instruction is used to inform the CPU to go directly to another address, skipping any intervening instructions. A jump can move either forward or backward in the code. A jump may also be either unconditional, meaning that it will always be executed, or conditional, meaning that it will only be executed if certain conditions are met. Conditions are most often based on flags. Refer to CPU and find the SR Register. It contains the status of a recent operation, such as whether or not the result is zero, negative, or if there was an overflow condition. Each of these conditions sets a flag, a single bit (usually within a series of similar bits) which has a specific meaning. Common flags include:
The mnemonic for an unconditional jump is often jmp. Common conditional jumps include:
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Carefully study the following assembly language example:
1 .global _start
2
3 .text
4_start:
5 # assume we begin with the number 5
6 mov $5, %rax # move 5 into the register rax
7
8test:
9 # we then test to see if the number is greater than 4
10 cmp $4, %rax # subtract 4 from the contents of register rax
11
12 # evaluate test condition, jump conditionally (less-than or equal)
13 jle alternative
14
15consequent:
16 # write(1, messageConsequent, 10)
17 mov $1, %rax # system call 1 is write
18 mov $1, %rdi # file handle 1 is stdout
19 mov $messageConsequent, %rsi # address of string to output
20 mov $10, %rdx # number of bytes
21 syscall # invoke operating system to do the write
22 jmp afterAlternative
23
24alternative:
25 # write(1, messageAlternative, 11)
26 mov $1, %rax # system call 1 is write
27 mov $1, %rdi # file handle 1 is stdout
28 mov $messageAlternative, %rsi # address of string to output
29 mov $11, %rdx # number of bytes
30 syscall # invoke operating system to do the write
31
32afterAlternative:
33 # exit(0)
34 mov $60, %rax # system call 60 is exit
35 xor %rdi, %rdi # we want return code 0
36 syscall # invoke operating system to exit
37
38messageConsequent:
39 .ascii "Consequent"
40messageAlternative:
41 .ascii "Alternative"
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Observe, Ponder, and Journal Section 2 |
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Swift[edit]
let x = 5
if x > 4 {
print("consequent")
} else {
print("alternative")
}
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Coming Soon |
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Key Concepts[edit]
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Key Concepts |
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Exercises[edit]
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Exercises |
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